Short answers for the communication class Essay

Short responses for the correspondence class - Essay Example I will likewise utilize data from winemaking books. For the second and third articles, I will utilize Google Scholar and online library databases. I will utilize scholastic articles for â€Å"What Happens to the Brain When It Is in Love† in light of the fact that it includes trustworthy proof. For my visual guides, I will utilize pictures of materials required and the phases of making wine for the primary subject. For the subsequent point, I will utilize photos of the cerebrum and representation tables or outlines. For the third theme, I will utilize tables or outlines. 2. How might you rate your Informative Presentation? What were things you progressed nicely? What were things you would improve? Be explicit in your reactions. I would rate my Informative Presentation dependent on the adequacy of my snare in the presentation, the reasonableness of the end, the lucidity of clarification for steps/stages, great syntax, spelling, and other composing mechanics, great progress sente nces, appropriate conveyance with the correct utilization of voice and signals, and a solid postulation. I did well in the substance of my introduction, just as my paralanguage. I clarified the means well, in a way that is connecting with and helped my crowd comprehend the means. I additionally utilized great language that will be conceivable to my crowd. I utilized legitimate syntax and word decisions. I made to sure to have a point and substance that will keep my crowd intrigued. Besides, my paralanguage didn't occupy my crowd from my discourse. I utilized legitimate stops and other voice impacts that will keep my crowd on target on what I am stating and what I intend to state straightaway. 3. What is implied by the expression paralanguage? Is it significant in conveying a powerful discourse? Why or why not? Paralanguage includes vocal correspondence that does exclude real words (Wood 137). It is made of sounds, for example, mumbles and delays, just as vocal characteristics, for e xample, volume, cadence, pitch, and affectation (Wood 137). Paralanguage allude to the vocal prompts that help the crowd comprehend what we mean when we state something. It incorporates sentiments that layer another importance on vocal words. Paralanguage is significant in a powerful discourse since it helps other people decipher what speakers are stating. For instance, a sentence can appear to be a joke or a danger, contingent upon how I said it. What's more, compelling speakers are specialists in regulating their volume, cadence, pitch, and enunciation to draw in their crowds and to keep them inspired by the whole discourse (Wood 137). Besides, paralanguage can show the personality of the speaker. It can say something regarding their sex and culture, which are significant parts of ethos, while examining a theme that is pertinent to their sexual direction or culture. 4. What are your best three subject thoughts for the forthcoming Persuasive Presentation? Is it accurate to say that they are inquiries of certainty, worth, or strategy? Which technique for association do you expect to utilize? Where do you intend to get your examination data? What will you use for a visual guide? My main three subject thoughts for the up and coming Persuasive Presentation are: 1) â€Å"Our kids Are Overmedicated,† 2) â€Å"We Would Benefit from Learning a Third Language,† and 3) â€Å"High School Students Should Volunteer as Part of Their

Make a Mardi Gras Mask - French Project

Make a Mardi Gras Mask - French Project Mardi Gras, which means fat Tuesday in French, is praised in numerous francophone areas. Mardi Gras covers are a customary piece of this yearly festival, and making them is an intriguing and inventive venture for all ages. These essential guidelines and tips can be trailed by anybody setting off to a Mardi Gras party or simply needing to partake in the fun. ProjectMake a Mardi Gras maskInstructions Pick veil base: Cardboard, plastic, metal, development paper, etcCut base to cover the face or eyesCut eyeholes and gaps for nose as well as mouthPunch little openings in each side and connect string or wire (to hold veil in place)Decorate cover Customization Cover Base: The cover base can be made of pretty much anything you dont mind wearing over your face. Paper may not last and metal may be troublesome, yet cardboard is a decent, durable decision. The state of the cover base is constrained uniquely by your imagination. You can slice an oval to cover your face or a bar to cover your eyes, or you can make another shape, for example, a house, a creature, or a tree.Holes for eyes, nose, and mouth can be various shapes - stars, hearts, cuts, and so forth. Enhancements: Pastels, shaded pencils, chalk, charcoal, markers, paint Beads Embroidery Fabric Fake gems Feathers Flowers Glitter Lace Ribbons Sequins Stickers String, yarn Tissue paper Wax Mardi Gras Links French Mardi Gras jargon Carnaval in Nice, FranceMardi Gras party ideasMardi Gras puzzles for kidsMardi Gras recipesMardi Gras melodies Notes Profs de fran㠧ais gathering .

Paper Example Mixture Distribution

Paper Example Mixture Distribution Paper Example: Mixture Distribution Introduction Mixture of normal distributions has been considered by variety of mathematicians as it has a long history in the field of statistics. The first ever person to use the concept of mixture of normal distribution was Newcomb. The idea was used to handle large files. Owing to increased importance of the normal distribution and mixture of normal distribution the various researches have been conducted for exploring the domain. Mixture of normal distribution accommodate variations such as non- normality variables etc to measure the different models. Various tools have been devised to fit the mixture of normal distribution. Among tools and techniques developed for fitting the mixture of normal distribution include mixtool packages. Mixtool is one of the packages in R program that upon identifying the peak of the plotted area and then adjusts standard deviation with mixing percentages to adjust width and height of the plotted area. The project would focus on fitting logarithm of return (log-return) with the mixture of normal distributions along using mix tools package of R. In addition, the application of mixture of normal distributions would also be the concern of the analysis. This will significantly help to evaluate and observe the process of fitti ng log-return with a mixture of normal distributions. The underlying document develops the proposal for the research on the mixture of normal distributions with log returns. For the purpose, document contains details about the areas of research. The proposal determining the problem statement leads to setting the aims and objectives to be achieved with the study. The proposal also provides references from academic literature and sets the methodology to be employed for achieving the study objectives.  Log return is the most prominent practice used by variety of people instead of price or raw return. The benefits associated with the use of Log-return have made the practice unique to various users in various ways such as determining all variables in a comparable metric, that help in evaluation of analytic relationships between variables despite of coming from price series of unequal values. The long-return distribution entails the use of hypothesis that focuses on describing the distribution of change in price through variety of normal cont ribution under the same mean but with different variances. The departures could be explained with the help of normality that highly relies on the use of mixtures of distributions. Geyser data refers to data collected and analyzed concerning volcanic eruptions in Yellow stone National park, Montana. This data comprises 272 pairs of measurements of different time intervals between successive eruptions and the time taken for the subsequent eruption.  This research project would highlight the concept of log-return with the mixtures of normal distribution. Also, the research will discuss the process to fit log-return by mixtools package. In order to do so, the data sets used in the project are daily, weekly and monthly closing prices from January 2003 to July 2012 for Australian stock market indices. Moreover, the application of mixture of normal distributions would be use to analyses geyser data. Hence, the eruption time series and waiting time series will be assessed to be fitted in the normal distribution using mix tools in R. Nature of Problem Importance of long returns has gained increased attention. Mixture of normal distribution has offered greater variation incorporation for understanding different trends in data such increased skewness, kurtosis and so on. These incorporations have made available with traditional an expectationâ€"maximization (EM) algorithm to contemporary mixtools. Hence, the underlying research is concerned for problem, of fitting log returns to normal distribution using contemporary techniques of mixture of normal distribution. On the other hand, geyser data have taken part in the data collection and analysis continuously beginning 1985 by several researchers and geologists. Some of the duration time taken was classified in the levels of long, short and medium. A puzzling situation arises when dealing with discontinuous data with time series features. Significant similarities have been recorded in different results of the collected data analyses. Therefore, in this research will look at analyses this data by mixtools package. Aims and Objectives The aim of the project would be to elaborate the model that fits the log-return with a mixture of normal distribution. The research proposal’s aim would be to provide relevant answers to the following questions; • What is the concept of log-return with a mixture of normal distribution? • What is the process of fitting log-return with a mixture of normal distributions? • How does mix tools package explains the geyser data? • How mix tools package makes it possible to apply mixture of normal distributions? • What is the possible way of fitting geyser data with mixture of normal distribution? Literature Review Normal distribution is one of the most prominent and commonly used models to analyze the daily changes in market variables. Different research studies have revealed that the concept of return in equity, foreign exchanges, and the commodity markets are consistently analyzed with fat tails. It has also been indicated that the concept and assumptions associated with normality are often inappropriate that eventually leads to flaws in the findings . Additionally, the concept of mixture of normal is quite flexible in analyzing the daily changes in the market data. The kurtosis and skewness in the market are the dominant variables that are taken into account with such mixtures. In addition, it has also been revealed that the normal distribution, in particular, is a special case in terms of mixture of normal distributions. Why do we use log return? While investing, it is normal to think of the worth of investment in future, a bank account paying compound interest provides a model to explore the concept of log-return. The benefits of using log return versus the prices are simply because of normalization: this means measuring the variables in a metric that is more comparable. However, the main concept is that we are interested in maximizing the long-term growth. The long term log- return per unit time implicitly takes into account the risk of depletion of the capital with time. The concept of normal distribution could be described as the distribution of data that is symmetrical. In addition, the concept could also be explained as the distribution of data that forms a bell shaped curve when plotted. On the other hand, Kurtosis is the measurement of peak i.e. high or flat, while the concept of skewness focuses on the measurement of symmetry in terms of data. This eventually indicates that the mixture of normal distributions can easily be created by adding variety of normal distributions with different kurtosis and skewness at the same time. In addition, it has been identified that the mixture of normal distribution can significantly accommodate the characteristics and even the non-normality of the data. The mixture of normal distributions is quite flexible method to analyze and model wide variety of random phenomena due to which, the concept of mixture of normal distributions has remained the focus of variety of users. Moreover, the concept of mixture of normal distribution has also been playing an essential role in marketing, economics and finance. Mixtools package is also a prominent concept that focuses on the examination of sample of measurement to evaluate the subgroups of individuals associated with the sample. Further, the finite mixture model focuses on the examination of subgroups rather than the identification of individuals to those subgroups. One of the essential packages is known as ‘R’ mix tools. The aim of the package is to estimate the centers of the peak in the curve that are then termed as the means of the distributions. After doing so, the standard deviations are adjusted with the mixing percentages to match the width of the peak along with the height. The algorithm that is consistently used in the package is known as the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The formula that is used in the mix tools models is as follows; With the help of the formulae, the normal values of one data could be significantly compared to the normal values for the second deviation. With the use of same data different values could be gained which would either be positive or negative. Kamaruzzaman, Isa and Ismail (2012) tested the normal distribution mixture concept on the financial data from FTSE Bursa Malaysia Composite Index (FBM KLCI). The test attempted to explore the explanation of non-normality and asymmetry as essential characteristics of financial data using mixture of normal distribution approach. The results revealed that with mixture of normal distribution can also explain the trends of leptokurtic data. In addition, the test also indentified the fact that skewed data can also be dealt with mixture of normal distribution. Kamaruzzaman, Isa and Ismail (2012) also employed the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) for fitting in two component mixture of normal distribution to the data sets of log-stock returns adopted for the research. There are mixed views about assessment predictability of the geyser data. Haordle (1991) believes that geyser data predictions are no longer important as it used to be in earlier times. Despite debate of its usefulness, Venables and Ripley (2002) have developed software that provides the automatic prediction of the data eruption time.This allows for the analysis of the recorded data for each day as well as the median intervals for data recorded in one week. This is more typical as compared to the arithmetic average as a result of the shifting mean of the values recorded for different eruption times. These data aids in developing models and trends of the eruptions with respect to time. The predictive nature of the geyser indicates the basis of the name “old is faithful.” However, in recent times, other researchers indicate variance in the predictions made from prior investigations as a result of changes in the eruption over time. The concept of log-return is also an essential concept to identify the mixture of normal distribution. The use of log-return provides the users with variety of benefits. It has been observed that the use of log-return provides the individual with an ability to observe changes in the variable that can be directly compared with other variables that have different base values. Methodology Quantitative data from the Australian stock market indices will be used, different companies in the stock exchange will form part of the study, for instance, data collected from the Australian stock exchange market in NAT. BANK FPO (NAB.AX), ASX Limited (ASX.AX) and ASX. FPO. The mean and the weight together with their associated standard deviation will be considered in the analysis, if the standard deviation decreases by a particular margin, then it would be a low season, the reverse would be true. The methodology that will be used in the study of geysers is the quantitative research methodology. In this particular case, the use of electronic monitoring using data logs will be used to capture these data. The data loggers for the geysers tend to record the temperature of runoff at a point approximately 20 meters towards west from the vent. The sensor will be used to capture preplay as soon as the eruptions begin, considering a delay of between 1 and 10 minutes from the visual minutes captured in OFVC logbook. The position of the sensor will be ensured to be far away from the geyser to the extent to which the temperature trace cannot influence determination of the geyser . The methodology described has been used time and again in other similar works and has proved to bear fruits. After timing the duration of the eruptions, a regression analysis will be used to find the expected ranges before the next eruption. However, better analysis will be deployed through the use of mixtools analysis, especially since it’s impossible to extract data for regression from the logger. A simple plot of time versus interval will be used, to show rough changes, however, more details concerning the long-term variation in the behavior of geysers will be predicted using moving median graph, it is essential especially because it removes the very short and the very long intervals, giving a better picture of the behavior, additionally, the median intervals tends to remain fairly steady with a bit of fluctuations. Another method that will be used to study the long term behavior is to plot a graph of the distribution of the intervals over the different years. Geyser data will particular concern the volcanic eruptions in Yellow stone National park in Montana, these data will comprise of 272 pairs of measurements or a range of intervals, concerning different intervals of time between successive eruptions, and the subsequent eruptions. After this data is collected, mixtools packages will be used to fit mixture models. In this process, eruption time will be recorded, and an increase in weight recorded, this will be used to indicate the high regime in the eruption time, the use of mean could also be used, an increase in the mean would mean an increase in the regime of eruption, this will also be accompanied by increased standard deviations. Waiting time will then be recorded, and the low regime in the waiting time, will be indicated by a decrease in the weights. This is similar to the changes in the mean values that will be recorded. The mixtools packages in R will only consider a Univariate normal mixture analysis; this resembles to a mixture from the Univariate Gaussian family, with 75 iterations, to form a more consistent and representative, consistent and internally and externally valid results. The standard deviations used will be 4, and mean 55. The j-th component density has a mean of µ and ?2 variance. The steps for this method for the mixtures of Univariate normal is straight forward, and can be easily applied in this particular case, the normalmixEM function is implemented in the mixtools. Number of iterations= 75 Expected Results A significant drop in closing price by the Australian stock exchange is expected, these are considering the low regimes in the stock values in the first normal values. The second normal values are a high means with the low variances, indicating balance in the distribution of the low regime. The expected results in geysers are that the eruption time and the waiting time would assume the same relativity in the level of similarity. It is expected that the two sets would indicate different regimes, with a general increase, the data in the tables will be very relevant in indicating these results.

My Experience Of My Flight - 873 Words

As I sit in the airport, my eyes scan the scene. I begin to watch people as they walk past me. Some are in a hurry; some could care less if they make it to their gate on time. You begin to categorize different types of people as they walk, or run, past you. As I learn that my flight has been delayed for another three hours, I take a seat against the wall and start to make a list, a list of the different types of people in the airport. â€Å"What do you think we will do when we get to the hotel†, said my mom. Being caught off guard, I say, â€Å"Hmm?† â€Å"I said, what do you think we will do once we get to the hotel?† â€Å"I don’t know! I will honestly just want to sleep after the day that we’ve had.† â€Å"You’re probably right. Should we just order room service, and then call it a night?† At this point, I start to tune her out because if I don’t, she will talk for hours. I reach for my backpack sitting next to me, and I take out my notebook. At the top, I title it, People in the Airport. I begin to write down different types of people. The ones who can’t figure out how an airport works. The ones who inch their way closer and closer, hoping to board sooner. The ones who bring way more then they need to. There are multiple different types of people in the airport. Here are just a few: The Lost Ones The lost ones are those who have no idea where they are going. They wander around aimlessly trying to get to their gate, but the only problem is, they don’t know where it’s at. Like do they notShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible, By Warren Bennis And Robert Thomas Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesMy crucible experience was serving as a flight commander in the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training Program (ENJJPT). This was one of the most challenging leadership roles that I have been placed in, primarily because of the range of individuals that I was leading. It was not a lot of people, especially compared to Army leadership positions, but it was an interesting and challenging mix of individual types. While there are countless events that contributed to my overall learning experience, I willRead MoreFemale Filight Attendant Cover Letter Sample996 Words   |  4 PagesFemale Flight Attendant Cover Letter Sample 322 Example Street Newark, NJ 65211 January 22, 2012 Mr. John Doe, Human Resources Manager ExpressJet Newark, NJ 65214 Re: Flight Attendant (Job ID 878) Dear Mr. Doe: Your Flight Attendant position, as advertised in The Daily Express, caught my attention because it involves the challenge of providing excellent customer service. I have been seeking just such a great opportunity and I think my background in hospitality and customer service sectorRead MoreMy Life Flight Nurse Is Not A Smoke Jumper1722 Words   |  7 Pagesrealize what we want to be. 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Since technology has been developed, people’s lives have also been changed. One of the examples is that manyRead MoreThe Genre Of Dance And The Flights Of Fancy Piece Was Ballet933 Words   |  4 PagesThe genre of dance that was represented in the Flights of Fancy piece was ballet. This amazing piece was choreographed by Lisa A. Fusillo and was accompanied with music by Antonin Dvorak. I knew that Flights of Fancy was a ballet number because many of the dancers used the alignment of their heads, shoulders, and hips to execute ballet technique. The use of a turnout was used in most of the choreography and it showed clean footwork, perfect angles, and gorgeous lines. In order for these dancers toRead MoreSummary on Service Encounter Journal1242 Words   |  5 Pagessix weeks, I realized my interaction with the serv ice providers played a vital role in improving my perceptions regarding service quality, as they also influenced my satisfaction and brand perception. 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Question 1.1. Explain The Sequence And Rate Of Each Aspect

Question 1.1: Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years: There are five aspects of a child and young person’s development that are measured on, Social development, physical development, intellectual development, communication, and emotional development. Development refers not to the physical growth of children and young people, but to the skills and knowledge that they are developing. All children and young people follow a similar pattern of development so the order in which each child grows from one milestone to the next will roughly be the same. However, each child will develop at a different rate and their development may not progress evenly across all areas. Physical development Physical†¦show more content†¦Between the ages of 6 and 7 years old they will use fine motor skills which may include putting a jigsaw together, putting cloths on and off and using buttons, they can kick and control a ball, use a knife and fork competently, but will need help to cut meat up. From ages 8-9 children will increased body strength and co-ordination and have a quicker reaction time, they can ride a two-wheeled bike, skip more freely, enjoy active, energetic games and sports, and will enjoy participating in competitive sports. They will have more control over small muscles and therefore write and draw with greater skill, drawing with more details, and are beginning to join letters together in handwriting. Age 10 and 11 years will differ in physical maturity because girls experience puberty earlier generally as much as 2 years ahead of boys, they will start to have body’s proportions that are becoming like those of adults. During adolescence, young people go through many changes as they move from childhood into teenagers, between the ages of 11-16 young girl’s breasts will have started to develop and will have fully develop between 12-18 years old. A girl’s menstrual cycle may start as early as 10 years old and as late as 15. Pubic, armpi t hair and underarm hair will grow like that of an adult. At 13-14 years, boys may notice that their testicles and scrotum are growing and by the age 16 or 17 the genitals are usually at their adult size. Armpit, pubic, leg, chest, and facial hairShow MoreRelatedExplain the Difference Between Sequence of Development and Rate of Development and Why the Difference Is Important.1465 Words   |  6 PagesCYP3.1 Outcome 1.2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important. It is important to know the difference between the sequence and the rate of development as it helps to identify the Childs needs during the stages of their school years. It is crucial to plan effectively ensuring the child receives the support they need in the areas they find most difficult in, for example physical development shows a pacific pattern; a babyRead MoreShould Hire Jill For The Position Of `` Floating `` Administrative Assistant?1697 Words   |  7 Pageswill take a survey from current business supervisors and managers within the United States. The results from the survey will help me understand how others would manage the above scenario. I will design the questions in the survey to not reveal any bias. However, I will word the questions to acknowledge my theory, â€Å"not to hire additional individuals with a disability to the small firm.† Part III: Hypothesis and Survey Design: My hypothesis ask if, â€Å"Most people believe that employers perceiveRead MoreExplain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development that would normally be expected in children and young people from birth - 19 years3072 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Unit Title MU 5.2 Assessment Criteria 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development that would normally be expected in children and young people from birth – 19 years. Physical development is the increase in size which takes place as a child develops. It is the way the body increases in skill and becomes more complex in its performance. 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Essay on The Importance of Human Evolution - 1794 Words

Introduction The main purpose of this essay is to critically discuss the importance of an understanding of human evolution and the history of psychology for the modern psychologist. The essay aims to critically discuss the study of human evolution which includes some of the species that evolved over the years before we now have our species, the history of psychology and the different prominent figures that are responsible for psychology being the field it is today. Finally, how an understanding of this can aid a modern psychologist. To conclude, this essay will collate previous research done on human evolution, history of psychology and the importance of this for the modern psychologist. Human Evolution Human evolution started with Charles†¦show more content†¦The next major species found after the Australopithecus was the Homo habilis. Around the same time period they came into existence, two other species were present, homo rudolfensis (Alexeev 1986) and homo ergaster (Archaeology Information n.d). The brain size of Homo habilis was about 590-687 cc, unlike the Australopithecus they should evidence of tool usage (Tobias 1987). The homo ergaster species has a brain size of approximately 860cc (Australian museum n.d). They also showed evidence of tool making and there was a possibility of vocalization (). It is evident through this how the species are becoming more and more progressive, from the first species discussed not showing evidence of tool making and their brain size getting larger as each species is evolving. The next set of species is the homo Neanderthalensis; they evolved from a species named homo Heidelbergensis, who were thought to be the first species that acquired protolanguage (de Beaune et al. 2009). Homo Neanderthals had a brain size was about 1100-1400 cc (Holloway, Sherwood and Hof et al 2009). They showed evidence of tool usage; they were able to cope with frequent and dramatic changes in climate/ scenery () This shows that they were more able to adapt to environmental changes than the previous species discussed.() The Neanderthals first showed evidence of burial of the dead with gifts and also care for the elderly; this is an indication of social and cognitive abilities as they were ableShow MoreRelatedHow Organisms Evolved From a Common Ancestors1101 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most important principles of biology is the main idea of evolution. This theory states, â€Å"that all living organisms have evolved from a common ancestor through natural selection acting on hereditary variation† (Reece, 2011). Many people today, know humans have evolved from a common ancestor; but they do not recognize the importance of it. Everyone should be educated about how organisms evolved because humans have evolved throughout many centuries. 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Cellular Communication free essay sample

The basic structure of mobile networks includes telephone systems and radio services. Where mobile radio service operates in a closed network and has no access to the telephone system, mobile telephone service allows interconnection to the telephone network. Cell phones, also known as mobile phones or wireless phones, are hand-held phones with built-in antennas. Unlike home phones, cell phones can be carried from place to place with a minimum of fuss. This makes them a good choice for people who want to be in touch with other people even when they are away from the house. How Do Cell Phones Work? Not many people know it, but cell phones are actually two-way radios, much like the walkie-talkies of the past, albeit much more advanced. When you talk into your cell phone receiver, it registers your voice and converts the sound into radio waves. These waves travel through the air until they reach a receiver, which is usually found at a base station. This station will then send your call through a telephone network until it contacts the person you wish to speak with. Similarly, when someone places a call to your cell phone, the signal travels through the telephone network until it reaches a station near you. The station sends the radio waves out into the neighboring areas. These radio waves are then picked up by your cell phone and converted into the sound of a human voice. Cell phones are a vast improvement over the telecommunications technology of the past, and are daily becoming a fixture of modern life. As always, communication is vital, and cell phones will help you to better communicate with the key people in your life. Using a cell phone is one of the first steps you must take to participate effectively in the emerging global economy. Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture Traditional mobile service was structured in a fashion similar to television broadcasting: One very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a radius of up to 50 kilometres. The cellular concept structured the mobile telephone network in a different way. Instead of using one powerful transmitter, many low-power transmitters were placed throughout a coverage area. For example, by dividing a metropolitan region into one hundred different areas (cells) with low-power transmitters using 12 conversations (channels) each, the system capacity theoretically could be increased from 12 conversations or voice channels using one powerful transmitter to 1,200 conversations (channels) using one hundred low-power transmitters. Figure 2 shows a metropolitan area configured as a traditional mobile telephone network with one high-power transmitter. 2. 0 Mobile Telephone System Using the Cellular Concept Interference problems caused by mobile units using the same channel in adjacent areas proved that all channels could not be reused in every cell. Areas had to be skipped before the same channel could be reused. Even though this affected the efficiency of the original concept, frequency reuse was still a viable solution to the problems of mobile telephony systems. Engineers discovered that the interference effects were not due to the distance between areas, but to the ratio of the distance between areas to the transmitter power (radius) of the areas. By reducing the radius of an area by 50 per cent, service providers could increase the number of potential customers in an area fourfold. Systems based on areas with a one-kilometre radius would have one hundred times more channels than systems with areas 10 kilometres in radius. Speculation led to the conclusion that by reducing the radius of areas to a few hundred meters, millions of calls could be served. The cellular concept employs variable low-power levels, which allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand of a given area. As the population grows, cells can be added to accommodate that growth. Frequencies used in one cell cluster can be reused in other cells. Conversations can be handed off from cell to cell to maintain constant phone service as the user moves between cells. The cellular radio equipment (base station) can communicate with mobiles as long as they are within range. Radio energy dissipates over distance, so the mobiles must be within the operating range of the base station. Like the early mobile radio system, the base station communicates with mobiles via a channel. The channel is made of two frequencies, one for transmitting to the base station and one to receive information from the base station. 3. 0 Cellular System Architecture Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing service led mobile service providers to research ways to improve the quality of service and to support more users in their systems. Because the amount of frequency spectrum available for mobile cellular use was limited, efficient use of the required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular coverage. In modern cellular telephony, rural and urban regions are divided into areas according to specific provisioning guidelines. Deployment parameters, such as amount of cell-splitting and cell sizes, are determined by engineers experienced in cellular system architecture. Provisioning for each region is planned according to an engineering plan that includes cells, clusters, frequency reuse, and handovers. Cells A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies depending on the landscape. Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and man-made structures, the true shape of cells is not a perfect hexagon. Clusters A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. Figure 4 illustrates a seven-cell cluster. Frequency Reuse Because only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for mobile systems, engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time. The solution the industry adopted was called frequency planning or frequency reuse. Frequency reuse was implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture into the cellular concept. The concept of frequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group of radio channels used within a small geographic area. Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from neighbouring cells. The coverage area of cells is called the footprint. This footprint is limited by a boundary so that the same group of channels can be used in different cells that are far enough away from each other so that their frequencies do not interfere. Cells with the same number have the same set of frequencies. Here, because the number of available frequencies is 7, the frequency reuse factor is 1/7. That is, each cell is using 1/7 of available cellular channels. Cell Splitting Unfortunately, economic considerations made the concept of creating full systems with many small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty, system operators developed the idea of cell splitting. As a service area becomes full of users, this approach is used to split a single area into smaller ones. In this way, urban centres can be split into as many areas as necessary to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions. Handoff The final obstacle in the development of the cellular network involved the problem created when a mobile subscriber travelled from one cell to another during a call. As adjacent areas do not use the same radio channels, a call must either be dropped or transferred from one radio channel to another when a user crosses the line between adjacent cells. Because dropping the call is unacceptable, the process of handoff was created. Handoff occurs when the mobile telephone network automatically transfers a call from radio channel to radio channel as mobile crosses adjacent cells. During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes weak. At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff. The system switches the call to a stronger-frequency channel in a new site without interrupting the call or alerting the user. The call continues as long as the user is talking, and the user does not notice the handoff at all. 4. 0 North American Analog Cellular Systems Originally devised in the late 1970s to early 1980s, analog systems have been revised somewhat since that time and operate in the 800-MHz range. A group of government, telco, and equipment manufacturers worked together as a committee to develop a set of rules (protocols) that govern how cellular subscriber units (mobiles) communicate with the cellular system. System development takes into consideration many different, and often opposing, requirements for the system, and often a compromise between conflicting requirements results. Cellular development involves the following basic topics: * frequency and channel assignments * type of radio modulation * maximum power levels * modulation parameters * messaging protocols * call-processing sequences The Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) AMPS was released in 1983 using the 800-MHz to 900-MHz frequency band and the 30-kHz bandwidth for each channel as a fully automated mobile telephone service. It was the first standardized cellular service in the world and is currently the most widely used standard for cellular communications. Designed for use in cities, AMPS later expanded to rural areas. It maximized the cellular concept of frequency reuse by reducing radio power output. The AMPS telephones (or handsets) have the familiar telephone-style user interface and are compatible with any AMPS base station. This makes mobility between service providers (roaming) simpler for subscribers. Limitations associated with AMPS include the following: * low calling capacity * limited spectrum no room for spectrum growth * poor data communications * minimal privacy * inadequate fraud protection AMPS is used throughout the world and is particularly popular in the United States, South America, China, and Australia. AMPS uses frequency modulation (FM) for radio transmission. In the United States, transmissions from mobile to cell site use separate frequencies from the base station to the mobil e subscriber. Narrowband Analog Mobile Phone Service (NAMPS) Since analog cellular was developed, systems have been implemented extensively throughout the world as first-generation cellular technology. In the second generation of analog cellular systems, NAMPS was designed to solve the problem of low calling capacity. NAMPS is now operational in 35 U. S. and overseas markets, and NAMPS was introduced as an interim solution to capacity problems. NAMPS is a U. S. cellular radio system that combines existing voice processing with digital signaling, tripling the capacity of todays AMPS systems. The NAMPS concept uses frequency division to get 3 channels in the AMPS 30-kHz single channel bandwidth. NAMPS provides 3 users in an AMPS channel by dividing the 30-kHz AMPS bandwidth into 3 10-kHz channels. This increases the possibility of interference because channel bandwidth is reduced. 5. 0 Cellular System Components The cellular system offers mobile and portable telephone stations the same service provided fixed stations over conventional wired loops. It has the capacity to serve tens of thousands of subscribers in a major metropolitan area. The cellular communications system consists of the following four major components that work together to provide mobile service to subscribers. * public switched telephone network (PSTN) * mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) cell site with antenna system * mobile subscriber unit (MSU) PSTN The PSTN is made up of local networks, the exchange area networks, and the long-haul network that interconnect telephones and other communication devices on a worldwide basis. Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) The MTSO is the central office for mobile switching. It houses the mobile switching center (MSC), field monitoring, and relay stations for switching calls from cell sites to wireline central offices (PSTN). In analog cellular networks, the MSC controls the system operation. The MSC controls calls, tracks billing information, and locates cellular subscribers. The Cell Site The term cell site is used to refer to the physical location of radio equipment that provides coverage within a cell. A list of hardware located at a cell site includes power sources, interface equipment, radio frequency transmitters and receivers, and antenna systems. Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs) The mobile subscriber unit consists of a control unit and a transceiver that transmits and receives radio transmissions to and from a cell site. The following three types of MSUs are available: * the mobile telephone (typical transmit power is 4. 0 watts) * the portable (typical transmit power is 0. 6 watts) * the transportable (typical transmit power is 1. 6 watts) * The mobile telephone is installed in the trunk of a car, and the handset is installed in a convenient location to the driver. Portable and transportable telephones are hand-held and can be used anywhere. The use of portable and transportable telephones is limited to the charge life of the internal battery. 6. 0 Digital Systems As demand for mobile telephone service has increased, service providers found that basic engineering assumptions borrowed from wire line (landline) networks did not hold true in mobile systems. While the average landline phone call lasts at least 10 minutes, mobile calls usually run 90 seconds. Engineers who expected to assign 50 or more mobile phones to the same radio channel found that by doing so they increased the probability that a user would not get dial tone this is known as call-blocking probability. As a consequence, the early systems quickly became saturated, and the quality of service decreased rapidly. The critical problem was capacity. The general characteristics of time division multiple access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), personal communications service (PCS) 1900, and code division multiple access (CDMA) promise to significantly increase the efficiency of cellular telephone systems to allow a greater number of simultaneous conversations. Figure 8 shows the components of a typical digital cellular system. The advantages of digital cellular technologies over analog cellular networks include increased capacity and security. Technology options such as TDMA and CDMA offer more channels in the same analog cellular bandwidth and encrypted voice and data. Because of the enormous amount of money that service providers have invested in AMPS hardware and software, providers look for a migration from AMPS to digital analog mobile phone service (DAMPS) by overlaying their existing networks with TDMA architectures. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) North American digital cellular (NADC) is called DAMPS and TDMA. Because AMPS preceded digital cellular systems, DAMPS uses the same setup protocols as analog AMPS. TDMA has the following characteristics: * IS? 54 standard specifies traffic on digital voice channels * initial implementation triples the calling capacity of AMPS systems * capacity improvements of 6 to 15 times that of AMPS are possible * many blocks of spectrum in 800 MHz and 1900 MHz are used * all transmissions are digital * TDMA/FDMA application 7. 3 callers per radio carrier (6 callers on half rate later), providing 3 times the AMPS capacity TDMA is one of several technologies used in wireless communications. TDMA provides each call with time slots so that several calls can occupy one bandwidth. Each caller is assigned a specific time slot. In some cellular systems, digital packets of information are sent during each time slot and reassembled by the receiving equipment into the original voice components. TDMA uses the same frequency band and channel allocations as AMPS. Like NAMPS, TDMA provides three to six time channels in the same bandwidth as a single AMPS channel. Unlike NAMPS, digital systems have the means to compress the spectrum used to transmit voice information by compressing idle time and redundancy of normal speech. TDMA is the digital standard and has 30-kHz bandwidth. Using digital voice encoders, TDMA is able to use up to six channels in the same bandwidth where AMPS uses one channel. Extended Time Division Multiple Access (E? TDMA) The E? TDMA standard claims a capacity of fifteen times that of analogue cellular systems. This capacity is achieved by compressing quiet time during conversations. E? TDMA divides the finite number of cellular frequencies into more time slots than TDMA. This allows the system to support more simultaneous cellular calls. Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) FWA is a radio-based local exchange service in which telephone service is provided by common carriers (see Figure 9). It is primarily a rural application that is, it reduces the cost of conventional wire line. FWA extends telephone service to rural areas by replacing a wire line local loop with radio communications. Other labels for wireless access include fixed loop, fixed radio access, wireless telephony, radio loop, fixed wireless, radio access, and Ionic. FWA systems employ TDMA or CDMA access technologies. Personal Communications Service (PCS) The future of telecommunications includes PCS. PCS at 1900 MHz (PCS 1900) is the North American implementation of digital cellular system (DCS) 1800 (GSM). Trial networks were operational in the United States by 1993, and in 1994 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began spectrum auctions. As of 1995, the FCC auctioned commercial licenses. In the PCS frequency spectrum, the operators authorized frequency block contains a definite number of channels. The frequency plan assigns specific channels to specific cells, following a reuse pattern that restarts with each nth cell. The uplink and downlink bands are paired mirror images. As with AMPS, a channel number implies one uplink and one downlink frequency (e. g. , Channel 512 = 1850. -MHz uplink paired with 1930. 2-MHz downlink). Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA is a digital air interface standard, claiming 8 to 15 times the capacity of analogue. It employs a commercial adaptation of military, spread-spectrum, single-sideband technology. Based on spread spectrum theory, it is essentially the same as wire line service the primary difference is that access to the local exchan ge carrier (LEC) is provided via wireless phone. Because users are isolated by code, they can share the same carrier frequency, eliminating the frequency reuse problem encountered in AMPS and DAMPS. Every CDMA cell site can use the same 1. 25-MHz band, so with respect to clusters, n = 1. This greatly simplifies frequency planning in a fully CDMA environment. CDMA is an interference-limited system. Unlike AMPS/TDMA, CDMA has a soft capacity limit; however, each user is a noise source on the shared channel and the noise contributed by users accumulates. This creates a practical limit to how many users a system will sustain. Mobiles that transmit excessive power increase interference to other mobiles. For CDMA, precise power control of mobiles is critical in maximizing the systems capacity and increasing battery life of the mobiles. The goal is to keep each mobile at the absolute minimum power level that is necessary to ensure acceptable service quality. Ideally, the power received at the base station from each mobile should be the same (minimum signal to interference). 7. 0 REFERENCES 1. Basic Communication Engineering by Rusnani Arifin, Juliana Md Sharif, Nor Hidayah Saad and Mohd Aminuddin Murad. 2. http://www. gsmfavorites. com/documents/introduction/gsm/ 3. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones

Women in Theatre free essay sample

Women in theatre in the past have tried to become center-stage rather than a prop and now in the present they are more than a spotlight. The changes from 1970’s to 1980’s gave women a feminist thought to a political one, which encountered different types of development of their role and expressed numerous obstacles they faced as a whole. In the article Cunning Stunts shows the drastic change in women theatre form 70’s to 80’s. The article Constructing Experience expresses attitude towards feminism. And in The Difficulties Facing Feminist Theater article details the obstacles and hardship of this great struggle for women in theatre. During the 1970’s when women who wanted to see more of themselves in theatre turned into a feminist group that consider them to question their role in society. They wanted a change to not only be equal to men but equal in theatre as well. Because theatre is essentially by definition a public, social, and hence a male-dominated art. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Theatre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been run by and for men throughout most of its history and has for the most part, reflected current political and social realities deferring to the taste of the political majority.The article Cunning Stunts: women’s theatre in the 1970’s and 1980’s by Red Chidgey, was about the rise of the feminist movement of theatre. The author Red Chidgey provides a tantalizing window into the history of women’s theatre troupes sharing the multiple changes in a decade. Women like Adele and Jacqueline shared their testimonies on experience in feminist acts and as well as a political issue. In the 70’s the rise of the feminist revolution was performed in theatre as a message and getting it to new audiences.Their goal was to use theatre to question power structures and shake down patriarchy. Other types of theatre performances on the revolution emphasized the art form, exploring the possibilities of female language, buffoonery, wild satire, mockery, and darken hidden desires. It was not until the 1980’s when feminism became more political. Political theatre influenced people that are able to highlight and define issues by addressing them in the arena of theatrical art, a place where political issues have been examined since the beginning of drama.Political theatre encourages the exploration of universal and central themes and issues to human communities and societies who define themselves as politically conscious. Women politicians started to support women’s theatre groups and invited them to campaign women’s issues on reproductive issues. Politicians felt women should be paid properly as actors and women workers. Then justice finally started to kick in. In theatre there were many roles, characters and other positions that needed to be fulfilled for a scene or performance.In the past history of theatre most women participated in very little scenes or performances, but when they did they was usually bashed and was seen as the â€Å"joke†. They mostly did behind the scene work like; sewing/fitting costumes, doing performing, hairstyling, assisting with stage props, ushers and sometimes technical work such as lighting. It wasn’t until the 80’s women made a name for themselves. The article Constructing Experience by Charlotte Canning was about each generation of women in theatre inventing anew to itself. Charlotte Canning explained how the feminist movement influenced new developments of theatre history.She created The New left which attended ways that women produce and interpret experiences. It was designed to stress the importance of autonomy and self definition. Feminists embraced the importance of lived experience for activism, theory, and history the foreground on personal experience over tradition and abstract knowledge. The development women made were more mental than physical in theatre and in society. They became more aware of society and how it portrayed them to be. They fought back by being less sexual, less of an object and more of a person with morals. They performed roles where they were seen as dominate and much more equal to men. The benefits made women more of a high demand for performances since they created a name for themselves instead of being the joke of the scene extra. Writers even started to let females co-playwright, then it became women writing and producing plays themselves. There is no such thing as fighting a war for 10 years and not having one scar. Women had a long battle with justice in theatre, from feminist to politics, stage props to producers with every battle they fought was a obstacle they had to over come.They fought back society, stereotypes, and prejudices. All along they stayed faithful and keep faith and courage instilled in them to achieve their one common goal. They got what they deserved. But did they really deserved what they went through? In the article The Difficulties Facing Feminist Theatre by Sandra M. Bemis was about the hardships they face not only as a whole as well as an individual. Sandra Bemis showed how despite the difficulties women goals remained the same and didnt change despite any circumstances.Women went through may critiques with society and their idea of what a women should be. Which was a adapted to apply to the gender roles of women in the household or at work, but also remain sexually. Women was degraded in pornography and was treated like a type of animal. When the try to fight for justice they often got pushed back down not because their class, race, sexuality but because their were females. The most target women that was hit the hardest was African Americans. Not only was they bashed but they had to perform stereotypical black ghetto people.

Mea Culpa

Mea Culpa Mea Culpa Mea Culpa By Maeve Maddox The Latin expression mea culpa is used as an interjection and as a noun. mea culpa interjection: an exclamation acknowledging one’s guilt or responsibility for an error. For example: MOTHER: The garbage is overflowing! SON: Mea culpa! I’ll take it out right now. As a noun, a mea culpa is the acknowledgement of ones guilt or responsibility for an error and is often used as a synonym for apology. Here are examples of this use: Just before Guillen began his 45-minute mea culpathe Marlins announced he had been suspended for five  games. Anthony Weiners emotional mea culpa: Will it be enough? Does McCain owe mea culpa to POWs MIAs? Hydro owes us a mea culpa. An apology is â€Å"an acknowledgement of an offense with expression of regret for it, by way of reparation.† Mea culpa as a synonym for apology derives from its use in a Latin prayer called â€Å"The Confiteor.† The Latin word confiteor means, â€Å"I confess† or â€Å"I acknowledge.† In praying, the supplicant repeats the phrase mea culpa, â€Å"through my own fault,† numerous times during the recitation of the prayer. An error with mea culpa occurs when a writer doesn’t understand its English meaning. Here are examples of misuse: Annie gritted her teeth and lifted her hands briefly from the wheel in  a mea culpa apology  to the indignant driver of the cleaners van.- Novel published by Random House. Rather than from John Paul Culotta, The Progressive, a mea culpa apology is due from the cretins who faithfully followed our torturer in chief to financial and human disaster.- News item, The Wave (Rockaway, New York). Alpha Chi Omega President Megan Koelln issued a mea culpa apology.- LA Weekly. In each example, the word apology is redundant. The only reason to follow mea culpa with the word apology would be in the context of talking about different kinds of apology. Note: More often than not, the statement being described in the news as a mea culpa is not an apology at all, but an excuse. excuse noun [eks-KYUS] : anything that justifies or extenuates a fault or defect. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterLatin Words and Expressions: All You Need to Know5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Choose and discuss two images of Jesus from the New Testament. What is Essay

Choose and discuss two images of Jesus from the New Testament. What is their relevance today - Essay Example From the dictionary definition a shepherd is someone who looks after the herd of sheep by guarding and tending them. A shepherd is someone tasked to lead the herd of sheep in the safest and abundant place. It is necessary for the herd of sheep to be tended in the green pasture with a fresh source of water flowing in abundance. In this way, the herd of sheep will survive and they are given all the essentials they need. The psalm of David in chapter 23 describes God as shepherd full of righteousness. God is revealed by David as a good Shepherd, and since Jesus is the Son of God (John 3:16), it is implied that the Son and the Father have the same characteristics and they are working together for one common good and that is salvation of the humanity from eternal condemnation (Matthew 1: 18-21). In John 10:14, Jesus said he is a good shepherd and part of being such is to know his people and his people to him. He sacrificed his life for the humanity to bring salvation to all. Jesus has great compassion for the people of God. Such compassion can be clearly defined by the great love Jesus is willing to give for the humanity. He gave up his life for the humanity and such is the great manifestation of his universal and unconditional love. The image of Jesus as the Good Shepherd depicts the meaning of a good servant and a leader. Being a good servant or a leader therefore requires following Jesus as far as biblical principles are deemed important. In fact, being a Christian means following Jesus whatever the cost may be. A Christian minister can be considered a shepherd because of the responsibility to care for and guide a group of people in the ministry. Jesus as the Good Shepherd is therefore a remarkable model of every Christian minister who is responsible to lead the beloved people of God. The herd of sheep is the people of God who need spiritual leader to give them guidance, protection and

Case reading 'Power as Domination' Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading 'Power as Domination' - Case Study Example This essay aims to provide more insight on the communication practices that were employed by TWA to dominate Ozark airlines employees, during and after the acquisition of the airline back in 1986. Primarily it is imperative to acknowledge the fact that effective communication plays a significant role in ensuring that an acquisition accomplishes the expected results. Overtime, surveys have pointed towards the fact that organizations that have embraced effective communication in the course of and after acquiring other businesses have often realized their objectives and stayed in the market for a considerable duration. On the other hand, those that have failed to embrace effective communication have always ended up with failed ventures. Taking the TWA acquisition of Ozark airlines for example, there is no doubt that during the acquisition process, there was bad blood between Ozark and TWA employees, this resulted in tension and created an inefficient environment in which the employees could not bring the best out of themselves (Tamyra et.al 17-21). At the beginning of the venture, there was less employee satisfaction. Employee commitment was similarly lacking from the Ozark empl oyees and the perception of them staying with the organization for a considerable duration of time was similarly lacking. Nevertheless, the management of TWA did not despair, they came up with structures of power and embraced effective communication and these practices played a significant role in the acquisition being a success. To dominate Ozark airlines employees, the TWA management team resorted to being clear in the course of all their communications. This is to imply that they took into account the perspectives held by employees of Ozark airlines. This was achieved by reducing the technical terms in their communication, implying that they employed the use of

Implications for Marketing Organizations Essay Example for Free

Implications for Marketing Organizations Essay Among these, the shift in the nature and growth rates of the world population has perhaps drawn much more attention of the business leaders because demographic variables reflect changes in consumer patterns and behaviors (Martins Brooks 2009) which can impact their business practices. This report will examine the main trends in age structure of the global population and their implications to business strategies of marketing organizations throughout the world. The increase in ageing population is an important trend in many parts of the world, especially in developed countries (Madalina 2010), resulting mainly from the decline of fertility and increase in life expectancies (United Nations, 2011). After World War II, there was a sudden rise in the population which was termed as Baby Boom (Tombs Seamons, 2010). They form an important target group for marketers. However, Tombs and Seamons (2010) pointed out that following the baby boom, the birth rate declined significantly in several nations such as Australia and New Zealand and a low fertility rate has existed since the mid 1970s. According to United Nations (2011), the aged population in the developed world is increasing rapidly and the number of old people will probably have outnumbered the young for the first time by 2050. People now prefer smaller families and this has led to a sharp fall in the birth rate. The improvement in living standards has a contributed to an increase in life expectancies. These factors have caused major changes in market patterns as well as in the type of goods being bought. For example, Gumbel (2008) demonstrated that the generation of Japanese women aged in their twenties who drove the growth in luxury fashion groups in most of the 1990s have mostly settled down to start families and buy apartments. As a result, the sales of luxury goods in Japan have fallen sharply. The age brackets which make up different proportions in the demography as a result of the changing age structure, have influenced the targeted markets and marketing strategy of companies (Tombs Seamons 2010). The authors distinguish 6 different age groups within the Australian population, wherein each one has specific growth rates. The first category consisting of children below the age of five accounted for 6. 2% of the population in 2007. It is a promising market for companies who provide childcare services and children-related products. The population in the second group consisting of 10 to 19 year olds had declined at the beginning of the 1990s, but is gradually rising. This bracket is a targeted market for education, garment products, and entertainment. Post-teenagers and young adults aged 20 34 years constitute the grown-up category which was affected by the low fertility rate during the 1970s, causing its reduction through the 1990s. This group with a high disposable income purchase a variety of technologically advanced electronics along with branded garments. The fourth group of early middle aged people consisted of 13% of Australian population in 2007 and is predicted to increase to 23-25% by 2056 (Chandler 2008, cited by Tomb Seamons 2010). The subsequent category is ‘Late middle age’ (Tomb Seamons 2010, p. 161). Both these segments will have more importance for companies in the coming years as its share of the total population will grow gradually and consume a variety of high-priced luxury products. The last group comprising of senior citizens will also have a positive growth rate during the coming years similar to the two previous groups. These aged people are more interested in health care services, travelling and relaxation as opposed to the younger population which is easily attracted by technological commodities providing a positive social experience, creativity, innovation and uniqueness (Cuddeford 2012). A very important methodology behind television advertisements while targeting the middle aged groups is portraying celebrities in middle aged characters in order to please them by creating a sense of familiarity and thus, affinity (Diaz 2012). This is especially effective when several marketing ploys propagate youth culture. This approach is targeted towards expanding this segment which is attractive not only because of its increasing growth rate as the world population is ageing, but also because their exhibition of a loyalty related to service industry is considerably higher compared to the younger age groups (Paul Patterson 2007).

Boys Will Be Boys :: English Literature Essays

Boys Will Be Boys A magnet elementary school has its advantages and its disadvantages. In my case, my family saw that it had more advantages than disadvantages, very diverse in ethnicity, cheaper than private schooling, no dress codes, and so forth. With all this in mind, I ended up in a magnet school, not to mention I went to the same grammar school from kindergarten to 8th grade. All together I see my time spent there as me being a good kid, but like most kids I had my good times and my bad times. My first few years were pretty much up to par with the status quo of behavioral and educational standards. I would do all my homework and be a good little boy in class. It wasn’t till I reached junior high that I started rebelling a little. In my seventh grade class I felt as if I were ready to be treated as an equal adult. What I mean by this is, I didn’t want to be told what to do. With this attitude in my head I only ran into trouble left and right. In my class if you were not being good, there would be different consequences. For example, if you were caught cheating on a test you would receive a zero and write a paper; but if you would miss behave in class, you would have to sit right next to the teachers desk. Sitting next to the teachers desk was the ultimate bad in seventh grade, and the funny thing in my class was that there was a group of four that achieved this ultimate badness, which I was part of. When any person would receive this â€Å"honor† the facial expression was total devastation, but deep down inside we felt a kind of coolness about it. It was like having the ultimate popularity in class. All the students would have respect for the kids who were brave enough to rebel in front of a teacher. I being the last person to join the group for listening to my Walkman in class was very honored to join. I remember it clearly, when I began to move my desk towards the teacher’s, I noticed the other members of the group would give some kind of sign of â€Å"welcome†, like a smirk or a nod of the head. This sign gave me a feeling of acceptance. Boys Will Be Boys :: English Literature Essays Boys Will Be Boys A magnet elementary school has its advantages and its disadvantages. In my case, my family saw that it had more advantages than disadvantages, very diverse in ethnicity, cheaper than private schooling, no dress codes, and so forth. With all this in mind, I ended up in a magnet school, not to mention I went to the same grammar school from kindergarten to 8th grade. All together I see my time spent there as me being a good kid, but like most kids I had my good times and my bad times. My first few years were pretty much up to par with the status quo of behavioral and educational standards. I would do all my homework and be a good little boy in class. It wasn’t till I reached junior high that I started rebelling a little. In my seventh grade class I felt as if I were ready to be treated as an equal adult. What I mean by this is, I didn’t want to be told what to do. With this attitude in my head I only ran into trouble left and right. In my class if you were not being good, there would be different consequences. For example, if you were caught cheating on a test you would receive a zero and write a paper; but if you would miss behave in class, you would have to sit right next to the teachers desk. Sitting next to the teachers desk was the ultimate bad in seventh grade, and the funny thing in my class was that there was a group of four that achieved this ultimate badness, which I was part of. When any person would receive this â€Å"honor† the facial expression was total devastation, but deep down inside we felt a kind of coolness about it. It was like having the ultimate popularity in class. All the students would have respect for the kids who were brave enough to rebel in front of a teacher. I being the last person to join the group for listening to my Walkman in class was very honored to join. I remember it clearly, when I began to move my desk towards the teacher’s, I noticed the other members of the group would give some kind of sign of â€Å"welcome†, like a smirk or a nod of the head. This sign gave me a feeling of acceptance.

Foundations of Psychology Paper Essay

Abstract The miscellaneous condition of psychology is a scientific investigation of humankind mind, body, and behavior. Psychology includes different departments of psychology to apprehend and supervise observations on the mental technique of a person mind and behavior. Psychology is regularly used to establish the secrecy of the human behavior. Observation was the way to study a person mind to become aware of the mental conscious and unconscious states. As time went by psychology was established, alone with some major schools of thoughts. The paper below will discuss the six major schools of thought in psychology, examine the foundation of psychology, and examine their major underlying assumptions, behaviorism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. In addition, it will show how the primary biological foundations of psychology are linked to behavior such as, brain, central nervous system, peripheral nervous System, and genetics/evolution. Behavioral Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a learning theory established on the notion that behaviors are gathered by conditioning. Conditioning develops from influenced of the environment. Operant and classical are the two major types of conditioning. A natural stimulus is paired with a response, when a procedure known as classical conditioning is the procedure used in behavioral training. When someone receives rewards and punishments for behavior that is what we call Operant conditioning. Behaviorists speculate that a person acknowledgement to environmental stimuli shapes a person behavior. Behaviorism made psychology more scientific by concentrating totally on observable behavior. This school of thought suggests that observable only behaviors should be studied. Structuralism and Functionalism| A German scientist, Wilhelm Wundt decided to take a structuralist approach to psychology after he founded his laboratory in Leipzig. An American, William James took the functionalist approach in his lab at Harvard. They both decided that since psychology was not being approached as a discipline of human behavior, they both decided to take their knowledge of the principles of scientific research and apply their study to human behavior. Psychology’s foundation as a science needs to be thoroughly understood, so let us take a look at both men’s foundation as scientists. Wundt’s approach to the structuralist approach sought to identify the building blocks, or the structure, of psychological experience, in the same way other sciences had been broken down in this way before. Physics had its fundamental laws, just as chemistry had its periodic table of elements, and Wundt wanted to do the same for psychology, which would establish a series of fundamental relations or structures that could be used to explain all behavior.However, William James, over at Harvard, working on his functionalist approach, did not agree with Wundt’s scientific approach of structuralism. James thought that Wundt’s mental processes were to complex. Psychologists believe the method of measuring would always change what was always trying to be measured. Influenced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection, James preferred instead to question why we behave the way we do. James wanted to understand the functions of behavior in our lives; in terms of either how it helped us or hurt us and why certain behaviors were more common than others, such as why do humans feel jealousy. | | Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory Various kinds of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies have been established. In the twentieth century, Freud was an important scientific thinker and his theories have influenced cultures and counseling and psychotherapy practices. Freud believed that personality is shaped by biological drives expressed early in life through preoccupation with specific parts of the body, and that each stage involves gratification associated with the function of that part of the body and the child’s developmental stage. The psychodynamic theory consists of rests on three elements. First, a person feelings and thoughts is part of his or her minds. Second, the awareness of the conscious has various mental issues that happen  outside. Third, these mental issues may interfere with each other, causing jeopardize motives. Psychoanalysis and other analytic approaches have been criticized on several fronts related to multicultural issues length and lack of affordability, and overemphasis on individual dynamics versus social issues and influences. Cognitive Theory Cognitive theories focused on the way a person is motivated, solve problems, make decision, and thinking. Cognitive psychology studies mental understandings that consist of how people think, comprehend, and learn. The focus is how people collect, understand, and accumulate information. There are many administrations for cognitive research, such as, improving a person memory, building making decision correctly, and building educational to increase learning. Starting in the late 70s behaviorism was the main controller in the school of thought in psychology, but the focus to move away from behavioral psychology to subjects such as attention, memory and problem-solving. Behavioral The brain is a sophisticated, functional, and manageable structure that controls a person behaviors and mental performances. Psychologists study the brain many ways. The verbal and nonverbal behaviors are tested by neuropsychologist to measure the affected by brain damage. The activity of the brain is studied using an electroencephalogram (EEG), (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The brain consists of three parts: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The hindbrain consists of the brain stem and the cerebellum that controls a person, movement, posture, and balance. The midbrain is located in the middle of the brain that helps control vision, sleep, and sound. The forebrain’s holds the thalamus and hypothalamus sensors that control a person motivation and emotion behavior. The motivation urges a person have come from the limbic system that also synchronizes memory and emotion. The brain has a right and a left side known as hemispheres. The two hemispheres correspond and work together with the aid of the corpus callosum. When one hemisphere does a main job, this is known as lateralization. Genetics/Evolution Evolutionary psychology central point is biologically functions established as solutions to same kind of difficulties of adjustments. Evolution means a change over time which the rhythm with certain genes happens within a crossbreeding society. Darwin’s theory foundation of evolution is the fundamental of uncontrolled collection, which shows that biologically based features that reinforce the survival and reproductive in the population because people who lack the features are less likely to pass on their genes. Many features are impelling by the cooperation of many genes. Behavior geneticists investigate the addition of genetic and environmental ingredients psychological characteristics and behaviors. These investigations suggest that psychological characteristics have genetic contributions. Genetic structure allows researchers to copy and transform genetic. Central Nervous System The central nervous system transports signals back and forth within the brain, the spinal cord, and glands and muscles. Nerve endings sends signal to the brain, which causes neurons within the brain to be used. This signal may cause a muscle to contract or relax. The nervous system consists of connected nerve chambers that send instruction throughout the body. There are four distinguish features of the nervous system. The intelligence of the brain to adjust is termed plasticity. Cells that transport information to the brain is called afferent neurons and those that transport information out of the brain are called efferent neurons. The communication of the nervous system consist of networking, which the cells combine sensory input and motor output. Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system joins the brain and spinal cord and connects to other body parts. The peripheral nervous system is split into the somatic nervous system, which includes sensory, motor nerves, and the autonomic nervous system, which monitors the bodily organs located inside the body. Peripheral nervous system can be damage easily and exposed to toxins and injuries because it is not protected by the bone of spine, skull,  or by the blood–brain restriction. Conclusion The miscellaneous condition of psychology is a scientific investigation of humankind mind, body, and behavior. Psychology includes different departments of psychology to apprehend and supervise observations on the mental technique of a person mind and behavior. Behaviorism made psychology more scientific by concentrating totally on observable behavior. Humanist thinkers believe that both psychoanalysis and behaviorism were too depressing focusing on the tragic of emotions. Cognitive psychology studies mental understandings that consist of how people think, comprehend, and learn. Foundations of biopsychology are the foundation that every thought, emotion, and behavior that a person has starts in the brain. In the past, foundations of biopsychology were thought of as physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience. Evolutionary psychology central point is biologically functions established as solutions to same kind of difficulties of adjustments. References Wickens, A. (2005). Foundations of Biopsychology Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. Retrieved electronically November 26, 2007 from: http://www.psypress.com/common/supplementary/184169360X/part1.pdf James, W. (1904) The Chicago school. Psychological Bulletin. 1, 1-5. Retrieved electronically February 6, 2013 from: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/two-early-approaches-functionalism-and-structuralism.html

Oral Piercings And Tattoos Have Become A Form Of Self...

Oral piercings are any piercings of the tongue, lips, or cheek. In recent years, oral piercings and tattoos have become a form of self-expression. Oral piercings and tattoos may look cool, but they can be dangerous to your health. Many people are not aware of the potential side effects of oral piercings. Some of these include infection, prolonged bleeding, pain and swelling, chipped or cracked teeth, injury to the gums, interference with normal oral function, blood borne diseases, and endocarditis. These side effects occur because the mouth contains millions of bacteria, which makes it easy for infection and swelling to occur with mouth piercings. If one were to pierce their tongue, lips, cheek or uvula, it could†¦show more content†¦Oral piercings also cause dental appointment difficulties. The jewelry can get in the way of dental care by blocking x rays. If one were to experience any of these side effects caused by an oral piercing, the best thing for them to do is contact their dentist or physician immediately. Following that, as with oral piercings, tattoos have also become popular in today’s society and are viewed as a form of self-expression. Although tattoos are very creative and beautiful, they also pose many risks. One of these risks can be an allergic reaction. Tattoo ink contains several ingredients and chemicals that a person may be allergic to. An allergy to any of the substances included in the ink can cause an allergic reaction once the ink gets into the skin. A tattoo allergy can take a number of different forms, one of these forms is known as an Acute Inflammatory allergic reaction. This means the skin becomes red, slightly swollen, and irritated at the site of the tattoo. Many people who get tattoos can experience this form of reaction. This form is generally not serious and subsides within about two to three weeks. Another form of allergic reaction is Photosensitivity. This means tattoos that are exposed to the sun may result in an allergic reaction, particularly those that contain Cadmium Sulfide which can cause an allergic reaction to the sun. Granulomas are small bumps that can also appear as a result of an allergic reaction as well. These bumpsShow MoreRelatedReading Comprehension Is A Cognitive And Mental Problem Solving Process1488 Words   |  6 PagesComprehension is when children have the ability to understand or get meaning from the texts they read. With reading comprehension children will benefit greatly when explicit instruction is used. By doing this children can learn how to apply comprehension strategies before, during, and after they read. Reading comprehension teaches children how to use text structures, summarize, and recall information they learned and when to question it. 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